English Language Essay

English has been utilized from various perspectives since we at any point began talking it. Presently as we move into the future, English has and still will be utilized as a global language. For what reason is it thought of so? Additionally how did this come to fruition? There are changes progressing that influence English as a language, for example, business openings and why it is significant for any potential boss wishing to utilize somebody. It is likewise utilized by experts who are busy working every day, on movement, or business related issues. English is spoken in a wide range of nations and numerous individuals there comprehend English as it is required for business, travel and so forth. English is additionally a wellspring of information as it is expected to comprehend what individuals are stating, understanding books, composing letters, or perusing the papers for instance. Presently in this here and now we may be imagining that English won't be undermined, yet will what's to come be well for English later on like it is currently? These inquiries will be replied all through this bit of text. English has become a worldwide language with worldwide hugeness. For a few, English has the significance of a language that has been set up for quite a while and has had enormous number of local speakers. In this sense, English, Spanish, Hindi and Arabic, the most generally spoken primary languages on the planet these days, may be considered as worldwide dialects. Notwithstanding, despite the fact that these dialects are spoken by an enormous number of local speakers of different civic establishments, they can't fill in as a language of more extensive correspondence. It is in this feeling English is the worldwide language. In numerous occasions it is the language of more extensive correspondence both among people from various nations and between people from one nation. Along these lines, English is a universal language in both a worldwide and a neighborhood sense. How did English become a universal language? At the stature of British force in spots, for example, Australia, India, Hong Kong and so on , the sun never set on the Empire which implied that the British held least one nation in every landmass and that at whatever point it was night or day it was never going to set on the British Empire completely. They had critical property in places everywhere throughout the world just as being a significant exchanging country, and English brokers could be found anyplace. English was an extremely helpful language to learn thus. As American force overshadowed that of Great Britain, individuals didn’t need to get familiar with another dialect to manage Americans †Americans communicated in English, as well. So English’s position turned out to be increasingly dug in. English is a language of worldwide correspondence. It is utilized in numerous spots, for instance in an air terminal where all the messages are in English. English is utilized in the travel industry, exchange, innovation. All the most up to date things inside innovation are imprinted in English. It is spoken by many individuals on the planet. It’s one of legitimate dialects in United Nation and European Union. It’s simple to utilize and to convey to individuals all over the place. It’s not an extremely troublesome language to learn. All scripting languages and projects are firmly associated with English. A ton of data in the web is additionally written in English. Hence this is the reason English turned into a worldwide language. What potential businesses need the greater part of a potential representative is somebody with inspiration, insight, and demonstrated capacity to work. In the event that you get an English degree this shows you have those characteristics. The capacity to impart is additionally truly significant for practically any employment. Examining English shows you how to compose obviously and adequately. Most courses and a few employments additionally require introductions and workshop conversations to build up your expressed relational abilities. This is the thing that businesses are searching for in likely representatives. Experts utilize the English language, for instance a specialist, who might utilize clinical phrasing with English rather than plain English. With this new innovation that we have now, there must be a reasonable and exact path for attendants and specialists to discuss. It is an all inclusive term of reference and exceptionally valuable for pinpointing or portraying an area or strategy that is required. Specialists and attendants may likewise utilize clinical phrasing while talking about something before a patient so as to forestall undue uneasiness. Clinical â€Å"jargon† isn't at all intended to talk in pig latin before a patient. It is so that there is no misstep when specialists are passing on data about a patient to one another. For instance, to a layman, â€Å"fever† may imply that the individual feels hot, or that the temperature is over 100 Fahrenheit. Be that as it may, nobody truly knows and can create a ton of turmoil. With clinical terms, things are extremely clear, so that even a specialist in France can peruse a logical diary article and know precisely what the writer implies. That way, likewise, medication can be worldwide and that the clinical social orders can share thoughts and developments. Since everything in a patient’s clinical records must be archived, from signs and manifestations, to the patient’s clinical history, to the last finding and treatment, it spares the specialists and all other clinical work force a lot of ime to utilize a generally acknowledged type of clinical wording. Furthermore, much more significantly to utilize clinical wording, implies it will be more secure when every clinical expert, from specialists and medical caretakers, lab specialists to radiology specialists, and so on utilize a similar general clinical phrasing so they don’t need to attempt to think about what was requested or outlined on the patient’s clinical records or what strategy a patient needs. English is utilized to convey all around on the grounds that there are various dialects on the planet, and there are none that are more effective than the English language. The utilization of the English language is something that is viewed as a prerequisite in numerous fields of business, particularly in the more elevated levels. Indeed, even in nations where English isn't the country’s first language, a fundamental information on English is commonly required. This reality is certainly evident in the fields of medication and processing, where one will undoubtedly need to speak with somebody that was not conceived in a similar nation that you were. What's more, in these fields, having a language is something that unquestionably something that can prove to be useful. English and individuals around the globe have been reading it for various years for them to learn it as best as they can. Chances there will more than likely be where an individual would need to speak with somebody from another nation, and if English, an individual could profit by learning it! What's more, with this worldwide language of correspondence, it will not be an exertion that is futile. We can utilize English as a wellspring of information and the majority of the information is one the web. There’s just a single issue. A large portion of this information is in English. You should realize how to communicate in English and compose English so as to utilize website pages that are in English Here are a few instances of information you can utilize in the event that you know English: * Most pages on the Web. There’s over a billion (1,000,000,000) pages of data! It’s stunning that learning only one language gives you access to practically all information on the Internet. * Books †regarding any matter, from everywhere throughout the world. Peruse books by British or American writers, and books interpreted from different dialects. Whatever you’re inspired by, you can find out about it in English! * The press. Just English-language magazines and papers can be purchased in all aspects of the world. You don’t need to look for Time, Newsweek, or the International Herald Tribune! * Science. English is the way in to the universe of science. In 1997, 95% of the articles in the Science Citation Index were written in English. Just about half of them were from English-talking nations like the USA or Britain. * News reports. Watch worldwide broadcasting companies, for example, CNN International and NBC. They communicate news a lot quicker, and all the more expertly, than littler, national systems. Also, you can watch them wherever on the planet gave they are really communicating in English. Will English be compromised later on? Bring a goliath jump into the future by whatever implies accessible to you. A hundred years ahead would be sufficient for the reason as a main priority. You simply need to look at what changes the English language would have experienced over this timeframe. Your developing worry for the fate of the English Language is surely legitimate, as you are completely mindful that at present certain progressions to the English language are occurring and these progressions are unavoidable as they are a piece of modernisation. So as to coordinate with the innovation of the day and to encourage the correct utilization of present day specialized strategies, for example, text informing on cell phones, the progressions that are being applied to sentence structure and accentuation are unavoidable. These things may occur later on and may likewise influence the fate of the English language. In summarizing, English has become a universal language with worldwide criticalness. English is the global language in light of the fact that in certain occurrences it is the language of more extensive correspondence both among people from various nations and between people from a similar nation. English language turned into the worldwide language, on the grounds that the British held numerous nations and were extremely compelling in making English the global language. English is critical to any potential business since it tells that trains you realize the best way to compose obviously and viably. They likewise need to be certain that your verbally expressed relational abilities are all around created. Experts for instance a specialist would utilize clinical wording with English rather than plain English since it is expected to convey between staff in an emergency clinic where it is important that they recognize what is happening w

Explanation of various types of fixed price

Fixed value contracts have a preset value that the seller must stick to in playing out the work and in giving materials. There are various kinds of fixed value contracts. Clarify them. [Explanation of different kinds of fixed cost contracts] 2. Direct contracting is another obtainment technique that is utilized under a set number of extraordinary conditions. Clarify the conditions for receiving direct contracting, prerequisites and steps for direct contracting Conditions for embracing direct contracting Requirements for direct contracting and Steps for direct contracting] 3.Write short notes on Cost Plus Fee Contracts. [Explanation of Cost Plus Fee Contracts Features Conditions for receiving Advantages and disadvantages] 4. The strategies for choosing a specialist are intended to accomplish the goals of value, effectiveness, reasonableness and straightforwardness in the choice procedure and to empower rivalry. Examine any 2 strategies for choosing specialists. [Explanation of any 2 o f the strategies With Where it is suitable Type of assignments for which this strategy for determination is adopted] 5.The agreement introduction process initiates directly toward the starting phase of offer report arrangement welcoming contractual workers to offer, and continues through the agreement exchange, temporary worker choice, checking and controlling of the contractual worker's work and ending the agreement. Clarify the regions that need consideration for compelling control of the agreements in a venture [Core ability of the task supervisor Requirements of the working framework Use of Work Breakdown Structure Recognizing the confinements with flexibility] 6. Clarify the need of Procurement law and what are its goals? [Explain the need of Procurement law List the Objectives]

What Do You DO All Day

What Do You DO All Day [by Joan Horvath 81] What do you DO all day? Theres a certain furtiveness when someone asks a scientist or engineer this question: perhaps it is nervousness about how thorough and multi-syllabic the response is likely to be, or perhaps a sense that maybe its best not to know. As for me, Im trying to get everyone so familiar with what scientists and engineers do that they wont have to ask! I graduated from MIT in aeronautics and astronautics a thousand internet years ago, when those of us who lived over on the Boston side had to hike over the Harvard Bridge to this place called a library to get information. It was, of course, uphill both ways in the snow to get to the Institute back then. After a stint in grad school someplace with palm trees, I spent 16 years at the Jet Propulsion Lab (JPL) in Pasadena, California. JPL is the place that sends out robots to explore other planets. The high point for me was when I was on the flight team for the Magellan spacecraft, which orbited Venus and sent back radar images of the surface. We got to see the images shortly after they came down, and I remember looking at Venus surface and saying to myself, No one else in history has seen this before. It was like being along with Roald Amundsen at the South Pole, but warmer and with better food. In 2000 I left JPL to try out consulting, teaching and writing a rather different style of exploring the world. At JPL I was usually surrounded by other techies, as I was when I was an undergrad at MIT. When I started consulting, though, I discovered that there was a little pause at business social events when I cheerily described myself as a rocket scientist. She really is, too, friends of mine would helpfully add, which made it even worse. You could see the wheels turning desperately to generate rocket scientist small talk: So, what is it like to meet an alien? They imagined a lab in my basement that involved arcing electricity and some creature that would call me Miiiissstresss. (This would have its points if Critter-Boy could vacuum, but we digress.) Then there were the people who asked, conversationally and expecting a short response, whether I really believed in evolution. I had been complaining about this for years to friends of mine Doug Adrianson and Hope Frazier, both former newspaper editors. A point came finally when we convinced ourselves that I should write a book telling stories about real scientists and engineers and that they should edit it. It would not be a book about the science itself but about what it was like to live a techie life, about why people became scientists or engineers in the first place and then stayed that way. It had to be written in a style that wouldnt scare people off, and be short enough to be read in a night. Writing a book isnt like engineering: there are right and wrong grammar choices (and even arguments there), but there are no standard answers about the best way to tell a story. I think of myself as a pretty good communicator. Imagine my surprise when the first installment came back from the editors in shreds. Says who? They asked after reading (obvious, to me) descriptions of why science worked a certain way. I was being boring, they said: who are you trying to impress? Tell stories like you would over lunch. Get out there and tell us about these people! Let it rip! It was like being at MIT all over again, complete with late-night rewriting. More goes into a book than just the writing and editing. I wanted the book to have some illustrations, too, to make it more approachable. Brainstorming with artist Nichole Wong about visual ways to get across the energy and fun of doing science gave me yet a different perspective. For example, characters in the illustrations wear lab coats in a nod to the visual shorthand of what a scientist is, but are shown in settings beyond benches and glassware. Science fiction author Greg Bear wrote a foreword for us. Stargazer Publishing Company agreed to publish it and orchestrated the myriad of things that need to happen for a book to make it out the door. So now its out there, standing on its own. Its cool to think about someone Ive never met reading what Ive written and maybe thinking about science and scientists differently. Maybe a third-grade teacher will read it and understand why she needs to show her students how to do experiments. Maybe a parent who is uncertain whether a science career is a good idea will get more comfortable with his childs tendency to take things apart. And maybe someone will vote for a candidate for office who understands science better than the opposition, all else being equal. (Hey, we can dream.) But life gets in the way, too. Around the time we were finishing up writing the book, my friend and editor Hope was diagnosed with cancer. We lost her after what she called her nine month dance with the disease, a month before the release. I like to think that a bit of her carries on between those covers. Youll learn a lot if you to come to MIT. But the greatest thing youll learn is confidence to try something really different when the opportunity comes along. Make sure you grab every one of those you can! Book details: What Scientists Actually Do. By Joan Horvath; illustrations by Nichole S. Wong with a Foreword by Greg Bear. 2008, ISBN 978-1-933277-08-0 Stargazer Publishing Company

Don DeLillos White Noise novel and Malcolm Gladwells...

Don DeLillo’s novel, White Noise revolves around the life of Jack, a Hitler Studies scholar at College-on-the-Hill. The characters within the novel all want to involve themselves with the events in an industrial American society. Jack and his fourth spouse, Babette are characterized by their love, fear of loss of life, and four seemingly civilized children. The family seeks to live in a society where the consumerism culture is highly influenced by media and companies. The characters’ consumerism culture becomes influenced by the dangers of the industrial chemical cloud that hangs over their lives. This essay explores the importance of honesty in the wake of a consumerism culture that is highly influenced by the media and companies as†¦show more content†¦Jack is shown as one who is highly established in his field of work. Unfair influences of the consumerism culture are to blame for the Jack’s outfits and his professional title. In addition, the fact that only highly valued tourist destinations do record significant tourist visits could have persuaded Murray to look closer into the value of the site, perhaps due to media influences on his ideology. Murray’s skewed analysis of the important tourist attraction as a seemingly worthless facility deserves more thought in order to uncover the actual reasons behind the highly toured places. In general, worthless tourist destinations play host to just a handful of visitors who upon noticing the worthlessness would not want to return to the site. By contrast, the landmark might have attracted significant public investment for a reason. Murray’s perception that no credible difference exists between superficial and deeper meaning of the barn is highly dependent on skewed external forces within the media. Similarly, DeLillo mocks neo-modern human’s inability to distinguish realism from the new Simulated Evacuation â€Å"they are still battling over funds for† (DeLillo 139). The Simulated Evacuation is arguably the most fascinating case showing the conflict between two opposing sides, but which could not be understood subjectively. The Simulated Evaluation is real occurrences, like the airborne incident, are employed in the preparations of

Do We Have Caste Systems Within The United States Today

Do we have caste systems in the United States today? I feel that every society and culture has a caste system within, although it may not be a formal caste system. Although the Indian constitution has made caste-based discrimination illegal, but it remains a significant part of Indian society. In the U.S., there are people who consider themselves among the social and political elite - a ruling caste, as it were. There are people who consider themselves elite within their race. Among these groups are many who genuinely believe that the rest of us should recognize that while a few are born to rule or advise the rulers, the rest of us should be content to work, pay taxes, be ruled, and let those who are more enlightened make the†¦show more content†¦According to Hinduism the female was created by Brahman as part of the duality in creation, to provide company to men and facilitate procreation, progeny and continuation of family linage. The Vedas suggest that a woman’s p rimary duty is to help her husband in performing obligatory duties and enable him to continue his family tradition. Her primary duty is to give birth to his children and take care of them. Hinduism is a predominantly male dominated religion. Woman play a secondary role. The situation is gradually changing. It is difficult to draw generalizations about the status of present day Hindu women because of society is complex. In general, life in cities is much different from life in the rural areas. Those who live abroad live in different conditions than those who live in the country. Yet, we have ample indications that women are still subject to many restrictions and disabilities in rural area as well as urban areas. The financial independence of woman and the education levels of the family play an important role in this regard. Women in urban areas face numerous challenges in their professions and personal lives. But overall, life is better for them compared to the past. Love marriage outside of the caste or community are scorned and sometimes the couples are killed or excommunicated by the elders in the family or village. Widows can now have a life of their own and even remarry. They draw a lot of sympathy. But

When Does One Lose Innocence Free Essays

How Does One Lose Innocence? As seen in William Golding’s, Lord of the Flies The novel Lord of the Flies contains a story line of young English boys trapped on an island without any adult supervision. The boys soon lose their English manners and become uncivilized. The change is noticeable in each of the boys as they adapt to the uncivilized life on the island, but in the two main characters, Jack and Ralph, the change is most noticeable. We will write a custom essay sample on When Does One Lose Innocence? or any similar topic only for you Order Now In William Golding’s novel, Lord of the Flies, the characters transform from innocent schoolboys to savage boys guilty multiple counts of murder. Tragedy causes one to lose innocence and become savage. Jack’s first tragedy occurs after he loses the vote for chief and Ralph is elected for the position. This event is a tragedy to Jack because he thought that he should automatically be the island chief because he was the leader of the choir and when he was not elected chief he broke down. Jack’s raw emotions are shown because â€Å"the freckles on Jack’s face disappeared under a blush of mortification† (Golding 23). Jack knew that he could not be the leader because, though some thought he would be best suited for the job, Ralph was the one who blew the conch and Jack knew that the conch was the more powerful than any leader can be. Though Jack was the ideal leader because of his experience with the choir, he was unable to take the position because Ralph brought all the boys together and Ralph looked like a leader, â€Å"Jack started to protest but the clamor changed from the general wish for a chief to an election by acclaim of Ralph himself. None of the boys could have found good reason for this; what intelligence had been shown was traceable to Piggy while the most obvious leader was Jack. But there was a stillness about Ralph as he sat that marked him out: there was his size, and attractive appearance; and most obscurely, yet most powerfully, there was the conch† (Golding 22). Jack’s embarrassment, rage, and disappointment start Jack’s down ward spiral from a young, civilized choirboy to a savage hunter and murderer. Ralph’s tragedy occurs after he realized that the boys could not stay civilized, which occurs after the death of Simon. Ralph knew that he was the reason for Simon’s death because he could not keep the boys civilized and together as a group though Piggy was unable to grasp the idea of the uncivilized behavior because he is the intellect of the society. The conversation between Piggy and Ralph shows the disappointment and frustration between the two. â€Å"Ralph laughed sharply as he said the word and Piggy frowned. ‘You’re still chief’ Ralph laughed again. ‘You are. Over us. ’ ‘I got the conch. ’ ‘Ralph! Stop laughing like that. Look, there ain’t no need, Ralph! What’s the other going to think? ’ At last Ralph stopped. He was shivering. ‘Piggy. ’ ‘Uh? ’ ‘That was Simon. ’ ‘You said that before. ’ ‘Piggy. ’ ‘Uh? ’ ‘That was murder’† (Golding 156). Ralph is level headed until he has to face the tragedy of realizing that Simon is gone and he becomes unable to make decisions and forces Piggy to make decisions, which eventually leads to his inevitable death. â€Å"Ralph realistically confronts the problem of survival and works out a practical plan for rescue† (Dickson 218). Ralph is smart and he is the leader but his lack of confidence and the unwillingness of the group prevents him from keeping them all civilized. Unexpected negative change takes people by surprise and when people do not know what to do, they act out. Jack’s change occurs after he does not kill the pig on the first try. Jack thinks he is ready to hunt but he is not enlightened enough because he is still in the dark that shows he cannot be saved unless he changes back to whom he was but he cannot kill a pig until he changes to become uncivilized. He chokes. The choirboys believe in rules and civilization, he sings not kills, but he cannot bring himself to kill because he doesn’t have that instinct. â€Å"Jack stood there, streaming with sweat, streaked with brown earth, stained by all the vicissitudes of a day’s hunting. Swearing, he turned off the trail and pushed his way through until the forest opened a little and instead of bald trunks supporting a dark roof there were light grey trunks and crowns of feathery palm† (Golding 49). This event also embarrassed him because he insisted on being the headhunter. But then, Jack changes the instant he kills the pig. This is when his instinct takes over and the boys cannot go back from here because Jack’s transformation leads to him leaving the tribe. â€Å"Behind Jack walked the twins, carrying a great stake on their shoulders. The gutted carcass of a pig swung from the stake, swinging heavily as the twins toiled over the uneven ground’ (Golding 68). Jack, in front of course, proudly leads the group chanting, this chant shows the change, the change from civilized to savage, the loss of innocence. Ralph’s change comes when he realizes that there is no hope for all the survival of al the boys, which occurs after the death of Piggy and his banishment from Castle Rock. Ralph has hope. Ralph is swimming and relaxing like it’s a vacation at the start of the novel. Ralph is a dreamer. He brings the intellect and the physical together with his dreams, which make him the leader. His visions are the base of the society, which decline with his inability to dream. â€Å"Ralph lolled in the water. Sleep enveloped him like the swathing mirages that were wrestling with the brilliance of the lagoon† (Golding 14). His dreams create the reality for society and when he cannot dream, society cannot prosper. When Ralph transforms, the hope of the society is weaken, just like the strength of the leader, which causes the demise of the civilization. â€Å"Ralph’s transformation is both shocking and saddening†¦when Ralph is trapped in the underbrush, he wonders what a pig would do, for he is in the same position† (Dickson 218). This shows that Ralph has no hope for survival if he is asking a pig for advice because at the beginning of the novel Ralph was a symbol of hope and now at the end of the novel, Ralph has no hope for his own safety after the death of his friend, Piggy. Jack is cast as an individual in the beginning and in the end with his appearance and his actions. â€Å"The boy who controlled them was dressed in the same way though his cap badge was golden† (Golding 19). Jack was different from the other choirboys from the start which Ralph could see before he met Jack because the golden badge could be seen from all the way across the beach. Jack is an individual who first suggest that they all follow rules and then breaks the biggest rule of all: staying together. Jack’s individualism leads to his downfall and his inability to be the leader at the very end with the naval officer. â€Å"‘I’m not going to play any longer. Not with you. ’   Most of the boys were looking down now, at the grass or their feet. Jack cleared his throat again. ‘I’m not going to be apart of Ralph’s lot-‘ He looked along the right-hand logs, numbering the hunter that had been a choir. ‘I’m going off by myself. He can catch his own pigs. Anyone who wants to hunt when I do can come’† (Golding 127). Jack is individual from the golden badge to the formation of a new tribe and this is because of his instinct, which separates him from the rest of the tribe making him lose his innocence before the rest of the boys lose their innocence. Ralph’s individualism is not as noticeable as Jack’s because he is lead mostly by Piggy who gives him most of the ideas starting from the conch until the end of going to castle Rock while leads to his death. Ralph is referred to as â€Å"the fair boy,† he isn’t given a name until the near end of chapter 1 which is unlike all the other characters who are introduced with names. The boy with the fair hair†¦the fat boy†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Golding 7-8). This shows how Piggy and Ralph were lumped together from the beginning, dreams and intellect, the basis of the society. Ralph individualism is shown when he realizes that the conflict is inner, that the boys control themselves and that they control their own, individual, destinies. The boys can control their future with hope, the conch, and the fire, which are all individual symbols of Ralph. â€Å"The problem of physical existence solves itself—the island is rich in fruit and game and the climate is favorable. The real problem that arises among the boys involves their own inner nature, and emerges most directly from a clash between those who wish to keep a fire burning on the island’s mountain to attract rescuers and those who wish to hunt and indulge in what at first seems to be the natural inclination of children toward unrestrained play. The conflict begins in apparent childish innocence, and reaches its climax in acts of shocking brutality that carry far-reaching implications of guilt† (Johnston). Ralph’s inner conflict, his dreams, and his hope show his individualism, which keeps him civilized longer then Jack. The boys lose their innocence and their civility, though some more than others. Jack was effected by his disappointment and his individualism while Ralph was effected by his internal conflict and his inability to keep the boys civilized. The boys devolve throughout the novel from proper English schoolboys to savage murderers. How to cite When Does One Lose Innocence?, Essay examples

1989 (Deluxe) by Taylor Swift free essay sample

Taylor Swift’s fifth studio album, â€Å"1989†, is spectacular. Though experimental, her transition from country to pop music sounded pro and savvy. The songs are eargasmic, crisp and expressive. The first track â€Å"Welcome to New York† starts the voyage. Swift’s style falls gracefully in the song’s jubilant beat. Her voice is consistent throughout the song, simple, but explodes with oomph. My ears have also let â€Å"Shake it Off† blow my mind away. The upbeat track gives my feet a pair of shoes to dance with. Lyrically, the song is for those who hate Swift, and as it says, she just shakes them off. All in all, the saxophone and lyrics’ electrocution creates a thunderclap. Another is â€Å"I Know Places†. This song is wonderful, but is arranged intricately. However, Swift’s voice execution fits in the track. Her falsetto is clean and consistent as it dances in varying levels. The piano and pulsating mellow beats provide a stage to Swift’s voice to emerge. We will write a custom essay sample on 1989 (Deluxe) by Taylor Swift or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page â€Å"Clean†, on the other hand, reflects Swift’s soft voice quality. Her thrums and hums make me wrap a blanket around my body while watching the rain drops. The song has an exquisite tune that you want to repeat it over and over. I suggest, you listen to it when you’re alone in a crowded room. Artistically accompanied with guitar strings, â€Å"How You Get the Girl† is also a must heard track. As Swift describes this, it is an â€Å"instructional manual for men†. So, to those who want their girls back, save a time to hear this. The hit â€Å"Blank Space† has a special place in my heart. Swift put some deep magic in the song’s melody. Her words in the lyrics break her classic style of song writing. This enables me to see Swift’s other side of artistry and distinction. I found â€Å"New Romantics† inconsistent. The lyrics are great, but there’s a small anomaly. The verses are in â€Å"We†, but the chorus is in â€Å"I†. However, I can forgive that since Swift’s versatility is highlighted. Swift showcases both her gossamer low tones and earth-shaking high octave in the chorus. When you find yourself listening to the track â€Å"Style†, well, you’ll realize you have played it for many times already. The beat will give you â€Å"oh† and â€Å"ah†, and keep you wanting more. The lyrics are beautifully arranged and simple. The song bursts with Swift’s personal experiences. â€Å"Out of the Woods† has the best lyrics for me. Rumors say that this song is about Harry Styles, basing on the lyrics. But that doesn’t make me like this song. I believe Swift has a deeper meaning about this. â€Å"Two paper airplanes flying†¦flying†¦flying.† What can you say about that? It makes me giggle, though. Musically, Swift knows how to place melody in this track. The seasoned drum beats and processed backing vocals have made the songstress’ voice sound clear and cozy. It hurts to end this review, but it’ll be more hurtful to me, once you ignore â€Å"1989†. This pop album is a breakthrough. I personally believe that this is one of the greatest albums ever released, a compact masterpiece of love, passion and metamorphosis. Yes, it’s experimental, but it doesn’t define the quality and class, â€Å"1989† has to offer. It introduces a new Taylor Swift, yet one thing is for sure; she can still take you to a Swift Voyage.

The Catcher In The Rye Essays (718 words) - Fiction, Literature

The Catcher In The Rye The Catcher in the Rye In J.D. Salinger's The Catcher in the Rye, the first person narration is critical in helping the reader to know and understand the main character, Holden Caulfield. Holden, in his narration, relates a flashback of a significant period of his life, three days and nights on his own in New York City. Through his narration, Holden discloses to the reader his innermost thoughts and feelings. He thus provides the reader not only with information of what occurred, but also how he felt about what happened. Holden's thoughts and ideas reveal many of his character traits. One late Saturday night, four days before the beginning of school vacation, Holden is alone, bored and restless, wondering what to do. He decides to leave Pencey, his school, at once and travels to New York by train. He decides that, once in New York, he will stay in a cheap motel until Wednesday, when he is to return home. His plan shows the reader how very impetuous he is and how he acts on a whim. He is unrealistic, thinking that he has a foolproof plan, even though the extent of his plans are to take a room in a hotel.., and just take it easy till Wednesday. Holden's excessive thoughts on death are not typical of most adolescents. His near obsession with death might come from having experienced two deaths in his early life. He constantly dwells on Allie, his brother's, death. From Holden's thoughts, it is obvious that he loves and misses Allie. In order to hold on to his brother and to minimize the pain of his loss, Holden brings Allie's baseball mitt along with him where ever he goes. The mitt has additional meaning and significance for Holden because Allie had written poetry, which Holden reads, on the baseball mitt. Holden's preoccupation with death can be seen in his contemplation of a dead classmate, James Castle. It tells the reader something about Holden that he lends his turtleneck sweater to this classmate, with whom he is not at all close. Holden's feelings about people reveal more of his positive traits. He constantly calls people phonies, even his brother, D.B., who has sold out to Hollywood. Although insulting, his seemingly negative feelings show that Holden is a thinking and analyzing, outspoken individual who values honesty and sincerity. He is unimpressed with people who try to look good in other's eyes. Therefore, since it is obvious that Holden is bright, the reason for his flunking out of school would seem to be from a lack of interest. Holden has strong feelings of love towards children as evidenced through his caring for Phoebe, his little sister. He is protective of her, erasing bad words from the walls in her school and in a museum, in order that she not learn from the graffiti. His fondness for children can be inferred when he tells her that, at some time in the future, he wants to be the only grown-up with all these little kids playing some game in this big field of rye and all. He'll stand on the edge of a cliff and catch anybody who starts to fall off the edge of the cliff. He got this image from his misinterpretation of a line from the Robert Burns poem, if a body catch a body comin' through the rye. When situations are described, in person or in a book, they are influenced by the one who describes them, and by his or her perceptions and experiences. Through Holden's expressions of his thoughts and feelings, the reader sees a youth, sensitive to his surroundings, who chooses to deal with life in unique ways. Holden is candid, spontaneous, analytical, thoughtful, and sensitive, as evidenced by his narration. Like most adolescents, feelings about people and relationships are often on his mind. Unfortunately, in Holden's case, he seems to expect the worst, believing that the result of getting close to people is pain. Pain when others reject you or pain when they leave you, such as when a friend walks off or a beloved brother dies. It would not have been possible to feel Holden's feelings or understand his thoughts nearly

American History essays

Automotive/American History essays How the Automobile Both Paralleled History As Well As Shaped Society As American Culture has evolved, inventions have paralleled its alterations. From the automobiles humble beginnings as a horseless carriage in the late 1800s, Henry Ford made the coach for the everyday man (Tshimanga). Because of this invention, the generations in the 20th century were put into motion, literally. Through the years, the automobile has evolved to become what we know today. From designing the Model T, to the Thunderbird and the Tiburon, the automobile industry has responded to meet cultural trends as well as to meet cutting edge technologies. Some examples of the trends that the industry paralleled are: the Art Deco movement during the American Great Depression, Americas space program in the 1960s, the gas crisis in the 1970s, and the growing computer world in the present day. The car also has shaped society through associations such as NASCAR (National Association of Stock Car Auto Racing), NHRA (National Hot Rod Association) drag racing, and the loyal following of car collectors and enthusiasts. For the more popular music has used cars as a symbol, and marketers have fueled the influence cars have on pop culture. Cars define the character of an American more than that of any other country in the world. From the massive tail-wings of the Cadillacs, borrowed from the space program, to the massive size and intimidation of the SUVs of today, cars also lend in the development of Americans personalities. A person who wants to display power or to intimidate may drive a Ford Excursion or a Suburban because of its grandeur. The automobile reflects fame, fortune, power, and who we are. The automobile plays a prominent role in American media; the automobile is on TV in races, in movies, in advertisements, and in general programming. Many celebrities are defined or recognized by the cars they d...

Case Study 2 HRD 425 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

2 HRD 425 - Case Study Example Soon, the company won important contracts like that of A&P supermarket chain. As the number of customers grew, the company found it difficult to retain the same levels of customer satisfaction. Despite increased number of supervisors and employees, it became difficult to smoothen or streamline the operations. As there was increased number of employees, the place became overcrowded. As more employees crowded the aisles to fill orders, there was total disorder. In addition, the forklift operators did not have the opportunity to replenish stock. As a result of the crowded aisles, the number of accidents increased. Thus, there was a general fall in employee satisfaction, morale and retention. As a result of this increased disorder, the employees had no time to attend the new people who came. In addition, if an item is found missing in a particular order, it was totally impossible to identify who made the mistake. Currently, there are nearly 500 selectors, loaders, and shippers; around 100 forklift operators, 40 backhaul unloaders, 20 receivers and clerks, and 30 supervisors and managers. The normal way of meeting an order starts from selecting five selectors in random. These selectors are paid on the basis of the quantity they select. Once the selection is completed, a clerk would complete the necessary paper work and then, the loader would load the same onto truck. Presently, the situation at C & S is that despite the large number of employees and supervisors, the company finds it hard to streamline its operations at the warehouses. There is high staff turnover, increased workload, increased number of accidents, and reduced customer satisfaction. As a result, the company is finding it difficult to exploit its manpower in a successful manner. While loaders and selectors are paid on the basis of the quantity they handle, clerks and supervisors are salaried. Though responsibilities were non-ov erlapping, selecting people at random made it difficult to identify people

Sartre's Existentialism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Sartre's Existentialism - Essay Example This research will begin with the biography of Jean-Paul Sartre. He was a French existentialist philosopher and has laid down the foundation of literary and philosophical existentialism in 20th-century philosophy with the help of his works and doctrines. Every question for a man starts from the mere idea of his existence on this Earth; thus the question subsequently arises as to who it was that created a human being. Most people have branded this creator by the name of God. Philosophers like Kant and Descartes have been able to give the example of an artisan that creates a paper knife or a paper cutter and designs it for a specific purpose, in order to meet a specific goal of cutting paper and have copied the same analogy for the purpose of a human being. Thus, God is the creator that has made individuals that roam the planet Earth and they come with a specific purpose of meeting their personal goals and objectives. However, there are atheist existentialists that believe that man â⠂¬Ëœjust is’. They do not believe that man has to be created by someone by the name of God, and thus write that the human race just began existing. This can be compared to certain moral values within society that people follow; for example, it is nowhere written that people must not lie or cheat; people choose to not lie or cheat because it is the ‘good thing’ to do. Once again, however, it has nowhere been mentioned by anyone in particular as to what ‘is good’ and what is not.‘is good’ and what is not. According to Dostoevsky, â€Å"If God did not exist, everything would be permitted.† This very sentence is the starting point for most existentialists. This is because most people find in God an assuring power that helps them to survive each and every day. Even if God does not exist in reality, everything will still be permitted. Existentialists write that man is born free, with freedom however from the time that he is born, he attaches himself to a segment of God in order to provide himself with something to rely upon in times of need. A human being cannot find anything else to depend upon except a higher power which he vests within the name of God. Thus, he discovers that he is without excuse. Man is left alone and does not have the right to blame anybody else for his actions; this mere thought drives a man to the greatest depths of fear which forces him to believe in God. According to the text provided, an existentialist â€Å"thinks that every man, without any support or help whatever, is condemned at every instant to invent man.† Thus, the only thing that stops a man from doing everything that has been permitted is the idea of being ashamed and being answerable to his own self. Every man is able to take on a certain amount of responsibility in order to carry out actions that would help him to understand himself and achieve more in life. However, every ounce of responsibility comes equipped with a certain amount of anguish that most people are not able to fathom and thus disguise in order to not let other people know that they are suffering from it. However, anxiety is quite commonly associated with heavy responsibility and thus, man requires someone that he can provide an excuse with in case he is not able to carry out these actions to the best of his abilities in a desired manner. God is the driving force that led human beings to believe in ideas of heaven and hell, thus if the possibility of His very existence vanishes, with that, the possibility and idea of an aspect of intelligible heaven or hell also disappears. The death of God simply anguishes a human being and forces him to think of a plane where he exists without the help of any higher power or force. This very thought is perturbing to the mind of a man who has

The Business Ethics In Advertising Outline Media Essay

The Business Ethics In Advertising Outline Media Essay The importance of advertising has been on a steady rise in the past few decades with a strong social impact in modern world. Advertising through social media forums is a pervasive, strong force that defines the attitudes and behaviors of a majority of the population who are impacted by it (Berger, 2007: 178). In the 21st century, advertising has a profound impact in the way people view life, the entire world and even how they perceive themselves. Usually, advertising is twofold because it impacts people in both positive and negative ways. This creates ethical dilemmas which will be later discussed in this study. This study will analyze business ethics in advertising as the study of organizations situations, decisions and advertising activities in matters relating to what is right or wrong. The definition of what is right or wrong primarily relates to what is morally right or wrong as opposed to what the organization may deem commercially, strategically or financially right or wrong. In addition, this study will not only be exclusive to commercial enterprises but also governmental agencies, pressure groups, non governmental organizations, non profit organizations, charities and other institutions. Benefits of Advertising Economic Advertising can be potentially useful in any society that abides by moral principles and caters to the authenticity of humanity (Fernando, 2009: 335). Modern market economies are practically difficult to operate without advertising; which in developed economies is more developed as compared to developing economies (Fernando, 2009). Currently advertising is perceived as the most cost efficient way of utilizing an organizations resources while at the same time responding to the socio-economic needs of the society, provided they conform to moral standard set upon the goodwill of human development and moral good (Hackley, 2010b). In this context, advertising is an effective tool in fostering moral, healthy competition within organizations and at the same time, help in contributing to human development (Hackley, 2010b). Hackley (2010a) looks at this aspect in the context of the fulfillment and growth of the consumers ability to be effectively productive and at the same time, on the increasingly large relationship network existing between people or different social groups. In this regard, he is in support of advertisement as a wholesome and efficient tool in helping consumers and the general public. Advertising is able to accomplish this goal through information by making consumers and the general public aware of existing goods and services and any new product improvements (Hackley, 2010a: 244). This then aids consumers in making informed and prudent decisions that will eventually add up to the realization of efficiency and reduced costs. In the same regard, economic progress is likely stimulated in this manner through the increase of business and general trade (Hackley, 2010b: 225). Advertisements therefore have the potential of covering the costs of publication, programming and production of any type of organization; including provision of entertainment, availability of information and the inspiration of people around the globe (Jeurissen, 2007: 150). Cultural Advertisements have a strong impact on social media because of its strong ability to generate revenue (Jeurissen, 2007). In the same regard, advertising has the potential to instill media discipline in social media and create a positive impact on crucial decisions regarding the content of media (Malachowski, 2001). Advertising is able to achieve this through the support of materials that have a high intellectual, aesthetic and moral content which is focused on the consideration of public interests. This is especially true when adverts are tailored towards possible media presentation and with consideration to the need of the minorities which may otherwise go unnoticed (Malachowski, 2001). Advertising can also aid in the general betterment of the society by inspiring and uplifting both consumers and the general population through the inducement of behaviors that benefit advertising companies and other stakeholders (Malachowski, 2001). Simply, by witty advertisement campaigns, advertising has the potential to be tasteful and entertaining at the same time. Advertisement campaigns also contain some elements or creative artistry through the uniqueness of their vivacity (Marlin, 2002: 175). Moral Social institutions like churches and other benevolent organizations incorporate advertising in passing messages to their members (Marlin, 2002). Advertising can be used to communicate messages of tolerance, compassion or encouragement of neighbourly elements of humanity. Most nonprofit and nongovernmental organizations have been clear examples of positive moral advertising because they have undertaken advertisement campaigns which are tailored towards sensitizing charity for the needy; with a focus on health and education needs. Most of the adverts have the ability to educate the general public through constructive and helpful contents that motivate people in a number of ways, beneficial towards the common cause of humanity (Marlin, 2002: 175). Though much still needs to be done, many such initiatives of this nature are already in progress. In direct reference to advertising, the Catholic Church established that institutions and organizations should follow with careful understanding the development of modern techniques in order to take advantage of existing opportunities to spread messages of goodwill in ways that seek to answer questions that plague the needs of the contemporary person (Wilkins, 2005: 115). Introduction Abuse of Advertising Intrinsically, there is no beneficial or damaging element to advertising (Wilkins, 2005). Advertising is nothing more than a tool or simply an instrument which can either be used beneficially or destructively (Phillips, 1997). If goods or services of a harmful nature are touted to the general public; this is a clear abuse of advertising (Phillips, 1997). In the same way, if goods or services are not clearly asserted in the advertisement campaigns; it is a clear violation of advertising. Advertising companies responsible for such misdemeanors usually forfeit their credibility or their good brand names in light of these developments (Phillips, 1997). Moreover, unremitting pressures from advertising companies can drive up the need to purchase goods or services which one doesnt necessarily need. This can be openly illustrated in the rampant purchase of luxury goods or services by most households at the expense of basic goods and services for the families. Some advertisement campaigns have been noted to explore sexual instincts from commercial reasons or to tap into the subconscious mind of an individual, thereby compromising his/her independence in making a conscious decision (Vatican online Ethics in advertising 1997). Economic Effects Some companies can abuse the important role of advertising in the provision of information by withholding crucial information which could be material in the decision making of a consumer (Reichert, 2003). As a deviation from the informative function of advertising, advertisers have now adopted the tendency to persuade or motivate customers to adopt certain spending habits (Marlin, 2002). This is the major platform to which advertising is deemed unethical. The use of brand advertising is also not easy because it may create many legal problems for companies. This is clearly evident in Tobacco companies, Alcohol pops companies trying to motivate more users to get addicted to there products. To curb this problem, governmental authorities should be vigilant in persecuting offenders who disregard copyrights or other intellectual properties attributed to specific companies. It is an eminent fact that many brands are closely interlinked and often look similar. Advertising can therefore motivate people to make irrational decisions in the purchase of goods and services based on these misconceptions as opposed to brand or price differentiations (which are the rational ways of going about it). Consumers should beware of such malpractices in advertising through sensitization by government and the media. In this manner, if such acts are noted, such companies and advertising agencies engaged such activities are likely to face public rejection. A large number of companies use sporting event to advertise there products even though this is deemed unethical sporting organization agree to sponsorship deals as the money being offered is in such large amounts. Culture Corruption of culture or general cultural effects can be partially attributed to advertising. More specifically, such damages are observed in developing countries because developed countries have been on a war path against traditional or indigenous cultural practices (Reichert, 2003: 105). This is some sort of domination over the target population and a manipulation of the cultural heritage of various population groups. This happens because of the high capability of adverts to impact on the revenues of social media companies. Communicators then find themselves in these ethical dilemmas because there is a rush to attract large audiences and deliver them to advertising agencies. In this regard, communicators are also observed to ignore the social and educational needs of the specific segments of the general public such as different age groups who dont conform to the demographic patterns of the advertisers. The establishment of a written code of ethics would go a long way in ensuring communicators are not faced with such dilemmas. However, Reichert (2003) is of the opinion that these codes should be formulated by every stakeholder because their effectiveness depends on the ability of every stakeholder to abide by them. Advertisers have also contributed to the development of certain social stereotypes which pit others as more superior or inferior to others. The blatant abuse of women in or by advertising campaigns is a clear deplorable abuse on gender affiliation (Reichert, 2003). Advertising campaigns have been known to portray women as objects for satisfaction of the desire for pleasure or power (Reichert, 2003). Not much can be done by either government or other stakeholders in controlling such perceptions in the society, though governments can moderately regulate such advertisements; but advertisers should be majorly sensitized from perpetrating such social segregations in society. In addition, consumer sensitization through social forums like churches would also help the general population understand that such ideologies depicted in adverts are not necessarily the ideal situation. Moral Though advertising can conform to moral principles and is sometimes inspiring, it can be vulgar and immoral (Crane Matten, 2007). Often, the appeal to such motives stems from attributes such as envy, lust or status symbol (Vatican online Ethics in advertising 1997). Advertisers still use pornographic materials and other inappropriate materials to date (Reichert, 2003). The media has also helped in facilitating this cause by making such advertising campaigns accessible to the general population, including children. Such activities were majorly observed to be common in developed countries but the same trend has been observed to pick in developing countries. The best approach to cover such kind of unethical practices would be the regulation of media content by governments. Conclusion Guarantors of ethical, moral behavior are the conscious advertising professionals who are not only focused on their duty to please those who commission or bankroll their work but also uphold the rights and interests of the general population in fulfillment of a common human good. Many people who have been engaged in advertising normally have a high ethical conscious but the nature of the competitive work and companies who bankroll them often exert irresistible pressure on them, compromising on their ethical standards. Advertising companies have also been noted to pursue commercial objectives at the expense of ethical practices without any regard to societal values or the impact of their advertising campaigns on the general population. This therefore necessitates a number of measures that need to be religiously followed and implemented to ensure such unethical practices are prevented. Some of the measures to cover this menace rest in the advertising agencies while some rests on the go vernment, media and society in general. A lot needs to be done to ensure ethical practices are observed in advertising. One such structure to ensure this is achieved is through the establishment of ethical codes. The effectiveness of this approach however depends on the willingness to abide by such codes. Public authorities also have a major role to play in regulating social media, such that they dont air materials that are unethical or morally incorrect. Their involvement should however be moderate. The public should also be sensitized against the negative effects of advertising to reduce the negative impact of advertising on the population. Nonetheless, observance of ethical advertising needs to be observed by advertising agencies themselves.

Milk and Convenience Store

JOE-NETTE’S PASTILLAS DE LECHE PRODUCT – Food – We get are brand name by the combination of our names. The Joe-nette’s Pastillas de Leche, are sweet milk candies that are usually served for dessert. They are very easy to serve because you don’t need to cook to make pastillas. What we have is a no-cook fast and simple dessert recipe intenden to gratify your cravings right away. Also, cooking or heating any recipe is not necessary. All you have to do is to mix the ingredients together and there it is, super sweet delicious milk candy that you have for dessert in no time.PRICE INGREDIENTS: * 3 can of condensed milk (300ML)x (26) = P 78 * 2 powdered milkx (16) = P 32 * ? sugarx (12) = P 12 * 2 Japanese paperx (5) = P 10 * 5 bond paperx (1) = P 5_ P 137 PLACE In the public market, because many people that have a convenience store go there to buy a whole selling product to their stores. It is because the price of the product in the public market is lower than the price if you go in the supermarkets.Our target markets are those people that have a convenience store that usually go to public market for whole selling. PROMOTION We are promoting our product by the use of a whole selling. For example, when the consumer buy whole sale of pastillas they will have a discount like we can give him/her 3 packs of pastillas for only P100, so that the consumer will be convince to buy our product again and we can also offer them to be a supplier of their convenience store.

Bureaucracy in Public Administration

THE TENETS OF BEURAUCRATIC APPROACH IN THE STUDY OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION INTRODUCTION A bureaucracy is a way of administratively organizing large numbers of people who need to work together. Organizations in the public and private sector, including universities and governments, rely on bureaucracies to function. The term bureaucracy literally means â€Å"rule by desks or offices,† a definition that highlights the often impersonal character of bureaucracies.Even though bureaucracies sometimes seem inefficient or wasteful, setting up a bureaucracy helps ensure that thousands of people work together in compatible ways by defining everyone’s roles within a hierarchy. Bureaucracy is an organization that is structured with regulations set in place to control activity. The bureaucratic stricture is usually implemented in large organizations and governments. It is represented by an assembly of knowledge, power, and Hierarchy.The Knowledge of the organization consists of the te chnical expertise and the understandings necessary to carry out specialized tasks, along with the capacity to gain more information as needed. The power is the central political resource, enables the organization to change in spite of what others may think. Hierarchy is the arrangement of people holding authority over others with the ability to command behavior and punish lack of compliance. Bureaucracies are meant to be orderly, fair, and highly efficient. Which means having a clear-cut division of labor is necessary.The principles of Bureaucracy hierarchy and of levels of authority mean a firmly ordered system of super and subordination, in which a super supervises their subordination. Such a system offers those governed the possibility of appealing the decision of super to higher authority, in a regulated manner. Within any bureaucratic authority there are principals of organization orthodox. According to the Weberian model, created by German sociologist Max Weber, a bureaucracy always displays the following characteristics:- Hierarchy: A bureaucracy is set up with clear chains of command so that veryone has a boss. At the top of the organization is a chief who oversees the entire bureaucracy. Power flows downward. Specialization: Bureaucrats specialize in one area of the issue their agency covers. This allows efficiency because the specialist does what he or she knows best, and then passes the matter along to another specialist. Division of labor: Each task is broken down into smaller tasks, and different people work on different parts of the task. Standard operating procedure (SOP): Also called formalized rules, SOP informs workers about how to handle tasks and situations.Everybody always follows the same procedures to increase efficiency and predictability so that the organization will produce similar results in similar circumstances. SOP can sometimes make bureaucracy move slowly because new procedures must be developed as circumstances change. In the p ast, organizations were commonly structured as bureaucracies. A bureaucracy is a form of organization based on logic, order, and the legitimate use of formal authority. Bureaucracies are meant to be orderly, fair, and highly efficient.Their features include a clear-cut division of labor, strict hierarchy of authority, formal rules and procedures, and promotion based on competency. Management or administration marked by hierarchical authority among numerous offices and by fixed procedures, the Administration of a government chiefly through bureaus or departments staffed with nonelected officials. Public administration houses the implementation of government policy and an academic discipline that studies this implementation and that prepares civil servants for this work.As a â€Å"field of inquiry with a diverse scope† its â€Å"fundamental goal†¦ is to advance management and policies so that government can function. † Some of the various definitions which have been offered for the term are: â€Å"the management of public programs†; the â€Å"translation of politics into the reality that citizens see every day† and â€Å"the study of government decision making, the analysis of the policies themselves, the various inputs that have produced them, and the inputs necessary to produce alternative policies. Public administration is â€Å"centrally concerned with the organization of government policies and programmes as well as the behavior of officials (usually non-elected) formally responsible for their conduct† Many unelected public servants can be considered to be public administrators, including heads of city, county, regional, state and federal departments such as municipal budget directors, human resources (H. R. ) administrators, city managers, census managers, state [mental health] directors, and cabinet secretaries.Public administrators are public servants working in public departments and agencies, at all levels of go vernment. In contrast to private enterprises, government-owned corporation or municipality owned enterprises are not always or even usually managed on the basis of the profit motive. A deficit in this latter case does not spell the end of the enterprise or even the beginning of reforms, because it is generally assumed that the reason the enterprise exists is to ‘render useful services to the public' (i. e. mploy a large part of the local population as its workforce or charge an artificially low price for its products or services), not become a slave of the profit motive. What is notable about the very idea of bureaucracy is its severe rational modernism. Political modernity and bureaucracy are largely symbiotic; the rise of the state paralleled the rise of the bureaucracy. One of the philosophers of the modern economizing state and the modern bureaucratic idea is Adam Smith (1723–1790), whose defense of the division of labor promoted the bureaucratization of the early W estphalia state.Indeed, Smith's ideas are elemental to Weber's core tenets of bureaucracy: the rigid division of responsibilities and tasks and the economization of organizational forms. Whereas Smith advocated the division of labor in order to promote efficient economic growth, Weber suggests the division of labor for the efficient production of goods or services. Inevitably, bureaucracy was conceived as, and has become, an economizing tool for the rationalization of complex and ambiguous environments. The rationality of bureaucracy is a central idea within Weber's ideal type.In fact, Weber himself suggests that bureaucracy be a rational-legal form designed to promote the rationalization of organizational tasks and goals. The rationalizing tendency of bureaucracy, while being one of the elements most open to contemporary criticism, was also its most attractive quality for the architects of Enlightenment-guided governance, who sought alternatives to earlier forms of despotic and ari stocratic dominance. The adoption of the bureaucratic form by theorists of liberal government has its roots in the legal protection of natural (rational) rights for all.In fact, embedded in the rationalization structure of bureaucracy is the elimination of particularism the diminishment of universal individual rights for the sake of traditional forms of class or ethnic domination. Those responsible for the French Revolution pined, within their writings, for the rational nonexceptionalism of the bureaucratic form. Indeed, as Maxim lien de Robespierre (1758–1794) and later Alexis de Tocqueville (1805–1859) identified, the ancient regime was epitomized by the irrational occupation of power by a centralized bureaucracy of the ruling class.The bureaucratic organization of rational-legal authority involves the following necessary criteria: the specification of jurisdictional areas, the hierarchical organization of roles, a clear and intentionally established system of decisi on-making rules, the restriction of bureau property to use by the bureau, the compensation by salary (not spoils) of appointed officials, and the professionalization of the bureaucratic role into a tenured lifelong career.The idea of bureaucracy suggests that rules, norms, merit, regulations, and stability are paramount to the operation of government. The rule-bound nature of bureaucracy has been widely critiqued in modern political and sociological analyses; however, the number of alternative forms of organization that have received as much consideration is limited.

Employee Turnover Organisations - Business Dissertations - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 14 Words: 4219 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? Abstract Employee turnover is the term which is a big concern for many organisations in the UK and worldwide. Although there has been a lot of research and studies which were conducted on this topic, most of these studies and research focused on the causes of the labour turnover and little or no focus has been made on examining the effects and advising different strategies which can be used by the managers within their organisation to make sure that they dont loose their employee. The purpose of this research is to explore the possible reasons for the high level of labour turnover in the company X and to explore the perceptions of the managers of the company X on the strategic management of labour turnover within their organisation and also to suggest few recommendations to the managers and the organisation on how to handle this situation. Most of the theories and procedures discussed in this report will someway or the other suggests us on how to approach this situation of high labour turnover in the company X. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Employee Turnover Organisations Business Dissertations" essay for you Create order Introduction Organisations need labour to function and these days organisations are quickly realizing that employees are their major source of competitive advantage to succeed in this highly competitive world. This notion applies equally to almost any organisation in the world. For an organisation to succeed it has to manage it resources effectively. When an employee leaves the organisation it not only has an impact on the organisation but also on the employee and wider society (Mobley, 1982). These impacts can be both positive and negative (Mobley, 1982; Hom and Griffeth, 1995), and a greater knowledge of the evolution of labour turnover can improve the extent to which organisations and employees within organisations can control these effects (Dalton et al., 1981). These days organisations invest a lot on their employees in terms of training and development, maintaining, and retaining them within their organisation. So, there is a need for the managers to lessen the employee turnover rates within their organisations. This research will look in to the company X, which is a part of the large retail outlet group. For the reasons of ethics the name of the company will not be revealed at any part of this report and will be referred throughout as company X. Company X is a part of large retail outlet with stores which are spread throughout the UK and worldwide. The business sector in which the company X is operating has a high level of competition and the company X is constantly thriving to maintain their competitive advantage in their sector and gain a huge amount of market share. The company X operates in a highly competitive environment, it has to continuously deal with the demands and expectations of the customers which is in turn very stressful for the employees in the company X. This high competition, high demands and high expectation creates a hard environment in the company X and which in turn will affect the employees. The North-East branches of the company X are being focused on this study. The company X has 6 branches in the North-East, each of the branches has a manager, 8 to 10 customer service employees (depending on the location of the branch), and 1 director. The director of the company was consulted regarding the research study and was asked whether there were any areas of concerns within the company which he wanted researching. As the director was working there for a quite long time, he was in a very good position to answer to this question. The director was aware of the reasons why his staff was leaving, but he wanted to know whether the present staff still had the same concerns. The director also wanted to know the possible ways in which these concerns could be resolved in order to retain his current staff. The director was fully aware that the turnover levels of the company had a negative impact on his present staff. The times of employee turnover resulted in longer hours for some staff members which affected the present staff both physically and psychologically because they have to now work for long hours. This was followed during the time when there was training for the new staff. The existing staff had to increase their workload during the times of training the new staff and this in turn affected the level of customer service provided by them. The director noticed that during this period some of their staff was demoralized and were asking for time offs which would further have more impact on the other staff. The hiring and training of new staff seem to have settled this problem. However there is some extent of discontent among the staff of company X regarding the company. Aims of the Study The main aim of this research is to assess the reasons for high labour turnover in UK and particularly in the organisation which I have chosen. Research Objectives: What are the reasons for high labour turnover in company X? How is this issue managed and addressed by the management of the company X? What does the staff and managers think about this problem of high labour turnover in their organisation? Try to suggest solutions in order to reduce the labour turn over in the company X. Literature Review Labour turnover According to Adams (1993) labour turnover is the rate at which staffs leave an organisation and are replaced by new employees. Too high a labour turnover rate may mean that there is something unsatisfactory about working for the organisation and that action therefore would need to be taken. There are different kinds of methods in which we can measure the labour turnover. The term turnover is defined by Prince (1997) as: the ratio of number of organisational members who have left during the period being considered divided by the average number of people in that organisation during that period. The labour turnover index is the traditional method to measure the labour turnover. This method is a most common method because of the simplicity of usage and to understand. Causes of labour turnover There was a lot of research carried out by academics in the past to answer the question of what makes the employees to leave organisations (for ex, Beck, 2001; Kramer et al., 1995; Saks, 1996). There has been a lot of inconsistency in the findings of the academics which may be because of the variety of employed incorporated by the academics. There is no single or universal reason for why people leave the organisation. The reasons may be different from one organisation to other and from one person to another (Ongori, 2007), people may quit organisation because they might not be getting what they were expecting from the organisation or they might leave the organisation because of personal reasons such as family responsibilities or problems in personal relationships, nevertheless, all these factors have an impact on the employee and the organisation in which he is working. According to Firth et al., (2004), the strain associated with job, a variety of aspects that advance to job associated strain, absence of dedication with in the organisations; and job related frustrations make employee to quit the organisations. This apparently marks that these are particular decisions which makes an individual to leave the organisation. These days there are few jobs which are very stressful such as customer service jobs or a sales job which involves the employees to work both physically and mentally and this will have an adverse impact on the employee which might lead to turnover. Manu et al., (2004) argues that economic factors may be one of the reasons why employees leave organisations. They further argued that economic model can be used to predict the labour turnover in the market. One other reason for the labour turnover might be expectation of promotion or advancement of wages within the employee (Ongori, 2004). Employees working within an organisation might expect a promotion and might be demoralized if he couldnt manage to get a promotion and might lead to turnover, in the same way an employee working for a long time within an organisation might expect a pay rise and will be demoralized and downsized if he couldnt manage to get a pay rise and this might in turn lead to turnover. According to Feaster et al., (1990), to guarantee organisational commitment well-built organisations can provide employees with enhanced option of progression and higher wages. It is evident that huge organisations have many operations, job roles and are spread throughout the country, so there is high possibility that an employee might think about the chances of getting promoted and getting high pay. According to Tor et al., (1997), inadequate data on how to perform a specified job, obscure anticipation of managers, supervisors and peers, uncertainty of performance evaluation procedures, massive job related burdens, and absence of agreement on job duties may cause staff to feel less involved and less satisfied with their jobs, less committed to their organisation, and ultimately exhibit a tendency to quit the organisation. If the employees are not sure of their job role and responsibilities, and if these roles and responsibilities are not clearly mentioned by the management of the organisation, this in turn would lead to the high level of labour turnover within the organisation. Sometimes there arise some factors which are, in part, outside the jurisdiction of the management. These factors may include demise or inability of the employee (Ongori, 2004). Employees are normal human beings and they do grow, mature, and die. So, it is inevitable to control these natural factors. Sometimes due to some internal or external factors highly skilled employees do loose their ability and interest to work, these kind of factors are inevitable and out of control organisations. These factors fall under Voluntary turnover. Other factors have been classified as involuntary turnover factors by Ongori (2004) such as necessity to provide attention to offspring or elderly relatives. Employees do have family and children and often they tend to get deviated from work responsibilities because they are more concerned with their family and children. The employees might even have elderly parent and relatives whom they want to take care of and this might lead to shift of concentration from work and might lead to turnover. On the other hand Simon et al., (2007) argue that these days such factors should not be considered as involuntary turnover because both the regulations of the government and policies of the companies create the opportunities for such staff to return back to their work, or to continue their current work through flexible working or work at home concept. Many organisations these days do provide rehabilitation centers and counseling centers for their employees to take care of their employees. These counseling centers are responsible for handling the psychological aspects of the employee and make sure that they are in good state to work. These days many organisations in UK are providing return to work training for employees who went out for long leaves (for ex such as maternity leave or higher education). This training does help the employee to cope up with the current changes in the organisation and make them ready for work. Zuber (2001) argues that the level of instability of the organisations has an impact on the degree of high turnover. There is a high amount of probability that employees stay within an organisation when there is a foreseeable work environment and vice versa. In companies where there exists a high level of inefficiency there was also high level of labour turnover (Alexander et al., 1994). It is obvious as a human being when an employee suspects that his organisation is not stable anymore or if he suspects that there is going to redundancy within the organisation he might leave the job due to the feeling of insecurity on the other hand when the employee feels like that the organisation is stable he would not bother about quitting his present job. Therefore, in the cases of unstable organisations, employees are more likely to leave the organisation and try to join the more stable organisation, because people normally think that more stable organisations will provide them with more opportunity to advance in their career. According to Labov (1997), organisations with a good communication system have lower or less labour turnover because employees have a strong need to be informed. The employees are always eager to know whats going on within their organisation and a good communication system will keep them informed continuously so that they know whats going on in the organisation, so when an employee is not sure about whats going on within his organisation he might be in a panic state and might lead to turnover. Magner et al., (1996) observed that employees feel at ease to stay longer, in positions where they are involved in some level of decision making process that is employees should fully understand about the issues that affect their working atmosphere. When there is no level of empowerment involved in the organisation for an employee, if the employee has always nee to follow the written rules and never has given an opportunity to think beyond his job he might be demoralized and might lead to turnover. Costly et al. (1987) argues that a heavy labour turnover may mean down-and-out personnel policies, bad recruitment policies, unfavorable supervisory practices, fruitless grievance procedures, or lack of motivation. All these factors tend to heavy labour turnover in the sense that there is no acceptable management practices and policies on personnel matters hence employees are not recruited scientifically, promotions of employees are not based on spelled out policies, no grievance procedures in place and thus employees decides to quit. Griffeth et al. (2000) noted that pay and pay-related aspects have a decent effect on turnover. Their analysis also included studies that examined the relationship between pay, a persons performance and turnover. They concluded that when high performers are not handled and rewarded properly, they quit. If jobs provide sufficient financial incentives then employees are more likely to remain within the organisation and vice versa. There are also other factors which make employees to quit from organisations and these are poor hiring practices, managerial style, lack of recognition, lack of competitive compensation system in the organisation and toxic workplace environment (Abassi et al. 2000). When a person with less or no competencies is hired for a job which require a higher level of competency, knowledge and skill it is more likely that this person would quit or would be sacked from his job because of the inability and inefficiency, this is a result of poor recruitment strategy or poor hiring practices. In the same way people always compare what they get with other people of the same position and if they sense that they are not being paid well or under paid they might leave their current job for a better paid job, this is the result of lack of competitive compensation system within the organisation. The management style plays a crucial role in turnover; if the employee is not handled properly or not managed properly the employee may not give his best and in turn will be demoralized and might quit his job. According to CIPD (2007) the main reason why people leave their present job is that they look for high paying job or for a chance of promotion. The survey conducted by CIPD states that this was the reason for 68% of the employees leaving organisations. The survey also stated that 38% of employees quit their job for a change of career and other reasons included family commitments, health problems, amount of work load, timings, and difficulties with their colleagues at work place. It is evident from the survey findings that people continuously look for better opportunities, better pay and better position, so if an organisation fails to provide them then they might be attracted to the competition and lead to turnover. It is evident that a lot of people leave because of unsatisfactory pay levels, even though with the introduction of the minimum wage rule employees are still not satisfied with their wages because this minimum wage rule is only applicable for those jobs which are to paid hourly and not for the jobs which are paid annually. Taylor (2000) tried to explore whether there is a relationship between pension scheme and turnover. He states that the relationship between turnover and pension scheme is not high, however, he also stated that While pension schemes are frequently perceived to play a role both in the attraction of staff to an organisation and in reducing employee turnover, it is on the later that most attention has been focused in public research. Now-a-days people are not expecting a job for life unlike olden days. These days it is evident that people are mostly looking for transferable skills that they can apply in other jobs. However, some people prefer to stick to one job and one company many people try to move from one company to other in search of better jobs and opportunities. Labour turnover in UK The big issue the organisations within UK are facing these days is labour turnover. According to CIPD (2007) survey labour turnover rates and the cost of labour turnover are at an all time high. The surveys states that the labour turnover rate in 2006 was 18.3% and in 2007 was 18.1% which is almost the same, i.e., turnover is not under control and is affecting the organisations at the same pace, it is interesting to compare the findings of 2005 and 2007, where in 2005 the labour turnover rate was 15.7 and in 2007 it was 18.1%, so we can observe that there is a rapid growth in the labour turnover rates which is alarming to the UK organisations. The survey also reported that the private sector had a highest rate of labour turnover which was around 22.6%. The CIPD (2007) survey shows that change of career was deemed to be the most common reason for voluntary turnover. Around 52% of turnover was due to change of career. Other reasons included promotion outside the organisations (47%), level of pay (39%) and lack of career development opportunities (39%). These survey findings strongly support the views of the academics like Zuber (2001), Alexander et al (2004), Simon et al (2007), and Labov (1997) who continuously argued these reasons for the turnover of employees. So it is evident that the empirical studies and the views of academics do match when it comes to the reasons for why employees leave organisations. The survey conducted by CIPD in 2000 stated that the wholesale and retail trade has the highest turnover in the UK at 56% the wholesale and retail trade lead the turnover table. The following is a graph which shows the turnover figures in the retail industry in UK during the year 1998-2000, which is broken down by the occupational class. Looking at the graph clearly states that there has been an increase in labour turnover of the administrative jobs during the year 2000. Even though the findings of sales jobs are encouraging it is observed that turnover rate of managers is the same during the year 1998 and 2000. This is alarming because it is hard and costly to find and replace a managerial position (IPD, 1997). The findings of routine, operative and sales jobs are very encouraging as it shows that the turnover rates are gradually decreasing year by year from 1998 to 2000. This is may be due to the reason that employees working in these positions are getting used to their work environment and are less likely to leave their present job, because these kinds of job roles have less or few opportunities to change careers and get promoted outside the organisation. However it is noticeable that replacing these types of jobs would be easy when compared to that of managerial position and administrative jobs, but it would cause some sort of disruptions and would also cost for the organisations to replace them. Costs for organisations The Charted institute of personnel management (CIPD) stated that it would cost around 3500 pounds per employee every time someone leaves the organisation; this was in the year 2004. In 2006 the costs of labour turnover was around 7,750 pounds per job leaver. The figure is almost doubled and it is alarming to the organisations. Organisations with high labour turnover rates not only suffer financially but also psychologically, because of the staff leaving the organisation there will a loss of customer service and this results in hiring new employees and training them who are having less experience. And during this period the organisation has to compromise on a lot of aspects of it functions. There might be also an increase in the level of risk of accidents in organisations where work is involved in risky areas. ACAS states that if labour turnover is excessive it can indicate management problems. These management problems have actually been identified as one of the reasons why employees were leaving the company X. The survey done by IPD (Institute of Personnel Development) in 1997 estimated that it takes an average of 10 weeks for an organisation to fill up a sales vacancy, and it costs around 3,640 pounds for the organisation to find and replace each sales person who left the organisation. The survey also mentioned that though people at managerial positions are less likely to quit an organisation, they cost much more to replace. The survey states that it would take around 13 weeks for an organisation to find and replace a managerial position and would cost around 5,008 pounds per person. However, ACAS does agree that high labour turnover can be expensive, and the actual costs are very difficult to estimate. They further stated that the costs also add up the expenses of advertising, recruiting and training, together with the cost of associated management and supervisory time. It also states that higher costs can be incurred through unnecessarily high staffing level and overtime payment, lost or delayed production, interruptions to flow of work, increased production costs, scrap levels and risk of accidents to inexperienced workers, long-term worker becoming unsettled and leaving, low morale resulting low productivity, damage to the organisations local reputation. However, some research findings oppose the statement that labour turnover has a negative impact for organisations. Some academics (for ex Jovanovic, 1979) states that employees who are less suitable for a particular job quit the job earlier and hence there is a notion that labour turnover does improve organisation performance as employees of poor worker job matches leaves and that vacancy can be filled by a employee with good worker job matches and this will in turn increase the organisations performance. This statement can further be supported by the survey which is done by CIPD in 2000 which states that around 55.5% of organisations experienced minor negative effects of labour turnover, around 26.9% of organisations experienced no effect at all and around 4.8% of organisations have experienced a positive effect due to the labour turnover. Different strategies and approaches to control and minimize turnover There is no one strategy or approach which when used by an organisation can reduce or control the turnover rate. This is because the reasons vary from person to person and organisation to organisation (Ongori, 2004). So it is evident that in order to reduce the turnover the organisations first need to understand turnover. Dalton et al., (1987) (Cited in Abelson, 1987) stated that for an organisation to completely understand the reasons for turnover it needs to differentiate avoidable and unavoidable turnover. Avoidable reasons might include employees leaving their current job to find a better job with better pay and working conditions else where. Unavoidable reasons are not under organisations control. These might include an employee moving from current location to another location, or leaving to fulfill family responsibilities. So it is evident that organisations need to identify voluntary turnover within their organisations and take necessary actions to manage turnover. Research does suggest that it is crucial for an organisation to look and analyze both the quantitative and qualitative information relating to turnover within their organisation (IDS, 2004). Quantitative information is required because it will help the organisation to record, measure and compare its turnover levels. Qualitative information is also important because with this the organisations can understand the reasons why the employees left the organisations and take measures to overcome them. According to CIPD (2004), it crucial that organisations have an understanding of their turnover rates and how it would affect its performance and effectiveness. Armstrong (2001) states that in order for organisations to improve their retention rates they need to analyze the number of employees who are leaving and the reasons why they leave. So it is crucial for an organisation to have established methods to investigate why people are leaving. The following is a graph which shows the various methods used by the organisations to investigate why people are leaving. It is evident from the graph that most of the organisations (90%) use exit interviews to investigate why people are leaving, but it is questionable whether these data collected is used to their full potential. Ongori (2004) suggest that in order to reduce turnover organisations need to provide empowerment to employees. This approach would motivate employee and the employee feels as a part of the organisation and would not quit his job because of the responsibilities. But on the other hand this approach is not applicable to all types of jobs. This approach might work in managerial and administrative jobs but may not hold good for routine and sales jobs.